A system of commissioning and promoting XCOM officers who provide bonuses to your entire squad during missions (replaces the Enemy Within medals system).Much earlier access to psionics and vastly expanded psionics tree.Five tiers of XCOM weaponry, many new armors and small items and S.H.I.V.s that can be equipped with perk-granting small items!.New and modified technologies, including Xenopsionics, Alien Biocybernetics, Pulse Lasers, Gauss Weapons and Advanced Aerospace Concepts, and many new foundry projects.New and modified perks, including Ranger, Sapper, HEAT Warheads, Lock N' Load and Javelin Rockets.
Here's the full list of the advertised changes: 'Long War' is a conversion mod to XCOM: Enemy Unknown and Enemy Within (there are two separate mods for each version of the game) that introduces (according to the web page) 'over 700 changes' to the game.
The basics of a complex mod of an already complex game